Lucas Cranach the Elder

Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553) lived from 1505 to 1550 in Wittenberg, where he maintained an important workshop. The reformer Martin Luther was one of the artist's friends, who, like painters such as Albrecht Dürer, Hans Holbein the Younger and Albrecht Altdorfer, is one of the most important Renaissance artists in Germany and Europe. A detailed, illustrated biography presents his life.


Biography

1472

Lucas Cranach the Elder was born as the son of a painter in the town of Kronach in Franconia. He received his initial artistic training in his father’s workshop.

1491/92

The death of Cranach’s mother

1495

Lucas Cranach the Elder became involved in a dispute with a citizen of Kronach, which had legal consequences.

1497

Lucas Cranach the Elder and his father were fined due to a counterclaim related to the 1495 incident

1498

Lucas Cranach the Elder, his father, and his sister Margarethe took the court-imposed oath of purgation

Cranach the Elder's years of travel took him to southern Germany, presumably to Bamberg, Nuremberg and Regensburg, among other places

1501-04

Cranach the Elder stayed in Vienna

View of the city of Wittenberg, Cranach workshop, around 1556, woodcut, hand-colored

From 1505

Cranach the Elder served as court painter to Elector Frederick III of Saxony in Wittenberg and resided in the “Painter’s Studio” at Wittenberg Castle

On April 14, 1505

Cranach the Elder received his first payment, and he began using the electoral coat of arms on his works

Cranach was involved in decorating the electoral castles in Wittenberg, Torgau, Lochau, and Altenburg.

1506/07

Cranach stayed for an extended period in Coburg

06 January 1508

Elector Frederick the Wise granted Cranach the Elder his coat of arms, and the painter henceforth used the winged serpent primarily as a signature for works from his workshop

On Epiphany, January 6, 1508, Elector Frederick the Wise, in his capacity as Imperial City Governor, granted his court painter in Nuremberg the official coat of arms."By the Grace of God, We Frederick, Duke of Saxony, (grant) … with deliberate courage and good counsel to Lucas von Cranach this aforementioned jewel and coat of arms, with a golden shield bearing a black serpent with two black bat wings in the center, a red crown on its head, and a golden ring with a ruby stone in its mouth; and on the shield a helmet with one black and one golden mantling, and on the helmet a golden wreath entwined with thorns, upon which a serpent is positioned as in the shield, as depicted in the center of this letter, carefully painted and colored. We graciously grant and give it to him, and by virtue of this letter, he and his legitimate descendants and their heirs shall possess this jewel and coat of arms for all time..."(Johannes Jahn: 1472 - 1553 Lucas Cranach d. Ä. Das gesamte grafische Werk...,Berlin, 1972.- S. 593 f)

June 1508

Cranach the Elder stayed for several days in Altenburg together with Christian Döring

July 1508

Cranach the Elder traveled on a diplomatic mission to the Netherlands

October 1508

the painter was expected in Nuremberg

December 1508

A ceremonial speech by the humanist Christoph Scheurl was published, praising Lucas Cranach the Elder

1509

Cranach the Elder worked temporarily in Coburg

1509/10

The court painter appears to still reside in the Painter’s Studio at the castle, as repairs were being carried out there

Around 1512

Lucas Cranach the Elder married Barbara Brengebier, the daughter of Gotha’s mayor Jobst Brengebier and his wife Katharina, née Jhan; their eldest son was born

In 1542 Luther recounted: “When Lucas Cranach the Elder had taken his wife and the wedding had been held, he always wanted to be close to the bride. He had a good friend who held him back for a while and said: ‘Dear friend, do not act this way! Before half a year passes, you will have had enough of it…’” (Lucas Cranach d. Ä. im Spiegel seiner Zeit, Berlin 1953, S. 74)

1512

Cranach the Elder acquired two adjacent houses on Wittenberg’s marketplace and established his workshop there, employing three to nine journeymen depending on the volume of commissions

1513

Cranach the Elder often stayed in Torgau due to the works for the wedding of Duke John of Saxony

1513?

Birth of his daughter Barbara

May 1514

Serious disputes between students and Cranach’s journeymen

1514-16

Cranach the Elder often worked in Torgau

04 October 1515

Birth of his son Lucas

January

Cranach the Elder is ill

March 1517

The court painter of Electoral Saxony worked in Dresden for Duke George of Saxony

1518

Cranach the Elder sold both houses on the marketplace and acquired a large developed property with an apothecary at Schlossstraße 1

1519

Cranach the Elder bought a small house on Bürgermeisterstraße

1519/20

Cranach the Elder became a council member for the first time as chamberlain

1520

Birth of his daughter Anna, with Martin Luther as her godfather

6. December 1520

Cranach the Elder received the apothecary privilege from the Elector

July 1520

Serious disputes arose between Cranach the Elder’s journeymen and noble students over the right to bear arms, and the Elector sent a troop contingent under Marshal Johann von Dolzig from Torgau to Wittenberg to settle the conflicts

1521

Cranach the Elder paid taxes for a small house on Neue Gasse and another larger house, “the Windmill,” on Neue Gasse

28 April 1521

Luther confided in Cranach the Elder, the only one of his friends, about his impending protective custody and on this occasion also sent his regards to Cranach’s wife

1522

Cranach the Elder repurchased the house at Markt 4

1522/23

Cranach the Elder became one of the two council chamberlains

1523

Christian II, King of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden was a guest in Cranach’s house

1523–25

The runaway nun Katharina von Bora lived in Cranach’s house

1523

Luther interceded for Hans von Schmalkalden, a journeyman painter working and living with Cranach, who was accused of manslaughter

April 1523

Cranach the Elder was a guest at the wedding of Luther’s friend Wenzeslaus Link in Altenburg

1523-26

Cranach the Elder, together with the goldsmith Christian Döring, established a printing press, which was temporarily operated by Melchior Lotter the Younger

1524

Cranach the Elder withdrew from the printing business

1524

Cranach the Elder attended the Diet of Nuremberg in the retinue of Frederick the Wise

1525

Cranach the Elder may have owned a bookstore

1525

Death of Frederick the Wise, Cranach the Elder became court painter to his brother, Elector John the Steadfast

13 June 1525

Cranach the Elder and his wife were witnesses at Luther’s marriage

1525

Lucas Cranach the Elder worked on the decoration of the new Wittenberg Town Hall

1526

Cranach the Elder was godfather to Luther’s eldest son Johannes

1526/27

Death of Cranach’s father in Kronach

1527–29

Death of Cranach’s father-in-law in Gotha

1527

The large house at Schlossstraße 1 came fully into the possession of Cranach the Elder

1528

Cranach the Elder was the wealthiest property owner in Wittenberg

1531/32

Cranach the Elder was council chamberlain

1532

Death of John the Steadfast, Cranach the Elder became court painter to his son John Frederick the Magnanimous

1534/35

Cranach the Elder was council chamberlain and rented the council cellar

1534–36

The painter worked frequently in Torgau

9 October 1537

Cranach’s son Hans died in Bologna, Cranach the Elder changed his signature for this reason

1 December 1537

Luther paid him a condolence visit

7 December 1537

Cranach thanked Gotha´s pastor Friedrich Myconius for a condolence letter on the death of his son Hans

1537/38

Cranach the Elder was elected mayor of Wittenberg for the first time

1540/41

Cranach the Elder was mayor, as chief judge he had to pass a death sentence

1541

Cranach’s wife Barbara died

1541

Lucas Cranach the Younger married Barbara Brück, daughter of the electoral chancellor Gregor Brück, the city council celebrated with wine and carp on this occasion

1541

At the request of the Elector of Brandenburg, Cranach was in the Margraviate of Brandenburg

After 1541

Cranach’s daughter Anna married the apothecary Caspar Pfreundt, they lived in the house at Markt 4

1543/44

Lucas Cranach the Elder served as mayor of Wittenberg for the last time

1543

Barbara Cranach married Christian Brück, son of the electoral chancellor Gregor Brück

Before 1544

Ursula Cranach married the lawyer Georg Dasch

1545/46–1547

Cranach the Elder worked in Torgau

1547

Cranach the Elder petitioned Emperor Charles V for mercy for his imprisoned Elector John Frederick the Magnanimous after the Protestant defeat at the Battle of Mühlberg

Easter 1547–July 1550

Cranach the Elder lost his position as court painter

1550

Christian Brück was in Wittenberg on business and conveyed the Elector’s order to Cranach the Elder to come to him

23 July 1550

The painter arrived in Augsburg to see his imprisoned prince, Cranach the Elder met, among others, Titian

1550–52

Cranach the Elder was very busy as court painter to John Frederick in Augsburg

Self-portrait of Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1550, oil on wood

1551

Lucas Cranach the Younger married Magdalena Schurff

1552

Cranach the Elder lived in Weimar, the residence of the pardoned John Frederick, in the house of his son-in-law Christian Brück; he was still active and employed two apprentices

2 November 1552

The eighty-year-old Cranach the Elder became court painter to John Frederick and his sons in Weimar, on the condition that he worked only for them; he received 100 gulden annual salary, court clothing, and provisions

16 October 1553

Cranach the Elder died in Weimar and was buried in the St. Jacob’s Cemetery

on both